Computed Tomography Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Computed Tomography - Assignment Example lues based on dispersed dose quantities while on the other side, the NCRP technique demonstrated an overestimation of the least vital obstacle of depth. Breast shielding method is another shielding method. It helps in reducing radiation dose. The main side effect of breast shielding is that it produces low quality images during the study. Bismuth shielding method on the other side has also contributed to reduce doses effects to patients of CT such as breast, thyroid and eye lens. (Jankowski et al., 2004). Bismuth shielding method is also easy to use compared to other methods. Radiation protection shielding helps in reducing exposed body parts which are sensitive such as thyroid and gonads and the breast from radiation. Having gone through several findings about computed tomography radiation protection shield, it is our concern to consider different body parts that experiences radiation effects. The reviews specify a favorite shields for computed tomography angiography versus ventilat ion perfusion scanning in the diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolus to the patients with lung disease (Jankowski et al., 2004). The nature of likeness is geared with a number of factors that varies between the institutions and the selection of the patient. Shielding calculations for computed tomography system is based on British Institute of Radiology and institute of physics in Engineering in Medicine (BIR-IPEM). Studies reveal that people are much affected by computed tomography (Jankowski et al., 2004).

Executive summary Essay Example for Free

Executive summary Essay Donald, you provided a thorough discussion of what an executive summary really is. Your method of presentation of examples that are equivalent to an executive summary such as a business report or a one-verse summary from the Bible serves as a superb way for the reader to totally appreciate what you are talking about (Marydee, 2004). You also provide the technical features of an executive summary, such as the general length and the scope of such documents (Penrose et al. , 2004). However, I would also want to comment on the tone of your discussion. In your fourth and sixth paragraphs, I noticed that there were a couple of sentences that project a negative attitude among the readers of executive summaries. You mentioned in the fourth paragraph that â€Å"†¦executive summaries are designed for audiences that lack time or motivation to read the full report (Bovee et al. , 2003). † I suggest that you modify this sentence because this connotation of this phrase is not very pleasant for the reader. In the sixth paragraph, you stated, â€Å"†¦most executives habitually make quick decisions, well written executive summaries are arguably the most important information in the business report. † This phrase of yours provides an impression that executives either are not interested in reading the full report, making these individuals not as energetic as they are perceived, or that executives are very gullible because their major decisions are all based on the executive summary. The problem here with your description is that if there is a substandard executive summary that has been generated by a fresh writer, any decisions that will be made by the executive will be significantly influenced by the work produced by this immature writer. I suggest that you incorporate my comments and suggestions so that you will have an improved version of your discussion.

Loreals New Product Development Strategy Marketing Essay

Loreals New Product Development Strategy Marketing Essay This report is based on LOreals new product development strategy and the way they have successfully managed to achieve considerable market shares through consistent RD efforts. The case continues with an insight into LOreals innovations that have been a success among the diverse segments of the global market. LOreal has not only followed a comprehensive, long term RD strategy that has resulted in creating innovative break through products like Fructis, but it has also tried to maintain its balance between RD and marketing interface. Company overview LOreal UK is the Groups fourth largest subsidiary in Europe and fifth in the world and has been present in the UK for 75 years. Also A significant player in the UK cosmetics market, turnover in 2006 reached  £626 million and 67% of women in the UK use one or more LOreal product. Approximately 170 million units were produced at the Llantrisant factory in 2006 and nearly 70% of the factory output is exported. overseas Recent investments have included a biological waste water treatment plant and more efficient heating, ventilation and lighting systems.The new distribution centre adjacent to the factory covers an area of over 18,000m2 and can house up to 10 million products and 300 people are employed at the factory. 25% of the permanent staff has worked for LOreal for over 20 years. (www.loreal.co.uk) Introduction Innovation is the most crucial stage for a company and it carries significant risk in the context of product failures that might occur right after their launch in the market. The product failure rate can be as low as 30% and as high as 90% in this regard. (Antil, J.1988). The global market is characterised by different taste patterns of consumers. Therefore in the face of rapidly changing consumer tastes, technology and competition, companies should continuously provide the global market with new products that satisfy all segments of the market. This requires systematic Research Development and innovation by companies in order to create successful products that have a considerable market demand. In the case of LOreal, the company has always tried to be innovating through their RD efforts. The case sites the example of LOreals Feria range that was exclusively innovated for Asian people. Product innovation is a complex task and it requires careful planning by the company based on the above mentioned factors. Today the global market is a fiercely competitive environment in which the important target for companies is to capture increasing returns to scale while minimizing / lowering costs of production with great speed and flexibility (Kotabe, 1990). LOreal as an international chain tries to achieve these targets through its consistent RD innovations in order to create products that are marketable throughout all international market. LOreals RD innovation expends about 20% more for new product development as compared to its competitors such as Procter Gamble and Unilever, occupying number one position in the market. Why is new innovation so important for a company like LOreal LOreal is a well established company in fashion business and in order to maintain its superior standing in the global market, it has to concentrate on the strategies it employs for innovation. The speed at which fashion markets change is very high, with very short product life cycles. Many fashion items have product cycles as short as half a year, or even a few weeks. Consumers preferences depend on the season, on the social and cultural environment and on the effects of previous marketing communication for fashion items or substitute products (Mintel, 2005). Responding in a timely way to these changing demands is vital for success. Moreover, without new products, firms will certainly be at a stand still And Research also highlights that early entry of new products can result in competitive advantage and long term market dominance. The characteristics of the fashion industry require companies to make strategic choices about factors such as quality, speed, technology, price and flexibility: these factors define the positioning of a company (Abell, 1993). Drawing upon the information provided in the case study, it can be suggested that LOreal operates in the top end of the fashion market with clear market positioning. LOreals targeted market segments can be characterised as fashion trend-setters, and these are the customers in the high and medium segments. They demand products with innovative styles, with top-level quality by scientists and designers that have built the reputation of powerful brands. It should be noticed that firms that operate in the mass segment which targets fashion followers tend to imitate the high performing products of top brands like LOreal and therefore the competitive advantage of top brands recedes over time, making product lifecycle short. Given the high quality expected of its products and the short product life cycle prevailing in fashion, LOreal has adopted a vertical integration, which afforded it a full control of quality and operations (Erica Stefania, 2004). Therefore, innovation is a critical and complex process that has a direct impact on the companys prestige, which justifies the importance of such developments. Therefore LOreal has to come up with such innovations that not only appeal to the various segments of the global market, but also enhance the companys position once they penetrate the market. hence LOreal would have to invest heavily in the launch of new products and be confident about the effectiveness, marketability and practicality of these products.. Moreover, successful innovation is likely to earn LOreal a superior market share and turnover, increasing the value of the company. Also, LOreal has been a front line of fashion and in order to keep up with the expectations of its consumers, the company has to lay in line new formulas that are carefully researched and tested for their effectiveness. For e.g. when the Japanese people were tired of having black hair and required an alternative to western hair colours due to their poor results, LOreal came up with an effective new hair formula that first bleached their hair and then dyed them according to their desirable colour. Therefore it is clear that in order for a company like LOreal, operating in a volatile and turbulent fashion industry, to create a sustainable competitive advantage should have a fast innovative product development cycle. Because LOreal tries to grab the maximum market share through the introduction of innovative products that are not only different but also cater to the different segments of the international market. Problems of managing Innovation and has LOreal solved these problems In order to launch new products successfully, companies like LOreal have to spend a great deal of time and energy in research and development. Thinking profitable/effective new ideas and implementing them are the core issues to be addressed and in this regard LOreals RD performs the task of coming up with successful innovations while the implementation lies in the hands of how these innovations are marketed. If LOreal launches a new product that cannot be marketed effectively, the RD efforts would be marked as inefficient and useless. Before launching or marketing any new product locally or internationally, a company has to be sure that its innovation would be differentiated from other products and is based on consumers preferences. Such ideas are most likely initiated by marketing and then RD takes over the task. Once the RD process is complete, the launch of new product requires the companys scientists/engineers to observe the market reality and employ different ways of marketing their product. Any negligence in this context would not only result in product failures once they are launched, but would also harm the companys image. For companies like LOreal which continue to thrive on innovation because good ties between marketing and RD to perform their activities during the process of launching innovative products in the global market. However, reality appears a bit complex because studies have shown that RD and marketing tend to have different perceptions and interpretations of the characteristics of a new product, particularly in terms of its technical innovation and the extent to which it affects the established consumption patterns. In reality, marketing perceives a more critical role of a new product for positioning in a market segment than RD. Also marketing perceives a higher degree of customization of individual products than RD. Wang and von Tunzelmann (1997) However, the need for long-term innovation always exists and the scientists need to be given some independence to design new formulas that are not unveiled unless desired. The different views of innovation-marketing are influenced by their different personality, cultural background, time orientation, ambiguity, tolerance and level of detail of language used (Griffin and Hauser, 1996). Therefore for companies like LOreal the innovation-marketing interface needs to be managed in such a way that it satisfies both the needs of innovation as well as marketing. According to a study conducted by Wang in 1997 the innovation and marketing functions were found to have collaborated in accomplishing tasks in three areas. * Conceptual development, identifying and evaluating relevant information * Strategic development, market positioning and product differentiation * Implementation, Internal and external communication. For LOreal these three functions are an important consideration in the process of innovation without which innovations might involve a high degree of risk, resulting in product failures. Once the concept for new product is developed through thorough research, LOreal focuses on identifying its target market segments for effective market positioning followed by laying a much greater emphasis on differentiating its products from its competitors like Procter Gamble and Unilever. Therefore it has to maintain a careful balance between creative innovation-marketing. An important link also exists between the innovation-marketing management. For instance, a strong mismatch between what is desired by customers and what is developed by LOreal would reduce the companys ability to predict market response to its new product. This would result in a reduced level of confidence on the effectiveness of marketing (Shankar, 1999). Therefore, in this context, a clear understanding of customer needs would be helpful in determining a companys innovation timing. This means that by effective management of innovation and marketing interfaces, firms can come up with better strategies both in terms of resource allocation and entry timing. It has been seen that most companies that spend great deal of time and effort on innovation to come up with new ideas, have created such products that resulted in a technological break-through, captivating a huge market share. In case of LOreal, the company has been spending a lot on its innovation department, (spending about 20% greater than its competitors). LOreal employs 2500 chemists, biologists, pharmacists and the companys RD aims to deliver 2000 new ideas to its marketers in order to launch 2000 new products annually. It not only has to develop successful ideas, but also find a perfect marketing strategy that addresses the target markets for the new products, their positioning, sales, market share and profit goals at initial stages. It therefore tries to maintain the balance between creative innovation marketing. The company not only analyzes the marketability of its new products but also tests its effectiveness through its careful innovation process. For e.g. when the marketers desired a fruit based shampoo for the European market, LOreals RD took over the task and it took the company 10 years to come up with Fructis, which captured LOreal a 28% share in the European market alone. This was, in fact, a result of the long term RD efforts of the company and LOreal tries to follow a three-level strategy for efficient management of innovation to marketing interface. Also the company launched a sun lotion exclusively for children, the Ambre Solaire Childrens Sun Lotion, which took three years for its launch and development. Therefore LOreal has tried to solve most of the problems resulting from an imbalanced innovation-marketing interface and needs to lay a greater emphasis on satisfying the individual needs of innovation and marketing respectively. It needs to continue by having a clear focus of the technological innovations and fashion trends. LOreal takes on the new product development screening task during its innovation phase when the company evaluates ideas generated from its own advanced research and whatever is being done externally (outside the company). LOreal makes sure that in order to boost the excitement of its products among consumers it needs to evaluate the effectiveness of its new formulas and offer a clear benefit to the consumers in order to get it accepted by the masses. It was this new product development screening process that resulted in the launch of Ambre Solaire childrens sun lotion by LOreal after three years of full research, thus, coming up with a formula that offered maximum protection to childrens delicate skin that instilled the confidence of their parents in the new product. LOreal has tried to launch its products which are characterized by these thorough screening processes, and it has succeeded to a considerable extent. However, during the screening process LOreal also needs to make sure that its new product developments are consistent with the companys objectives, that they are feasible in terms of product design and are suitable for the identified target markets. CONCLUSION After analysing this case in great detail, both in terms of marketing literature and practical application, it can be undersood that global companies like LOreal have to keep in line with the technological changes as they bring about marked product or process design transformations. Innovation plays a significant role in this regard, without which any new formula/idea is unable to be processed into a tangible new product. This requires professional scientists/engineers to be hired by companies and LOreal expends a great deal on hiring such professionals who can come up with effective, innovative and marketable ideas. The need to respond quickly to the dynamic global market forces requires companies to integrate rapidly to the perceptions and needs of both product developers and potential consumers Therefore, in todays fierce global competition, it is tough to differentiate. products and companies are required to have sufficient knowledge about their target markets/segments locally as well as internationally. Therefore product screening is another important process that needs to be carried out by companies in order to have a closer look at competitive products and evaluate their own product demand and LOreal seems to stand out in this regard as it employs professionals who carefully monitor competitors products in great detail. All this needs to be synchronized with an effective marketing strategy that is in balance with innovation functions of the company, which eventually builds up new products image in the various targeted segments, hence, boosting the companys prestige. It is not easy to gain customer satisfaction without long term effort.

Wealth and Democracy :: essays research papers

Wealth and Democracy. By Kevin Phillips. (New York: Broadway Books, c. 2002. Pp. vii, 422. ISBN 0-7679-0533-4.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wealth and Democracy clearly illustrates and emphasizes the importance of Democracy being endangered. The author Kevin Phillips, America’s leading political analyst since 1968 and a graduate of Harvard Law School appears very informed and credible. Wealth and Democracy outlines and explains the politics of the second half of the 20th century. In this book Phillips primarily explores how the rich and politically powerful often work together to create and continue to take advantages at the expense of the national interest, the middle class, and the lower class. The book contains several interesting chapters on history and an analysis of present-day America that reveals the dangerous politics that go with the concentration of wealth. Finally, Phillips gives warnings of new radicalism and argues that the corruptions of wealth and power are destructing the United States. Wealth and Democracy examines the history of Britain and other leading world economic powers to point out the symptoms that signaled their declines such as speculative finance, increasing international debt, record wealth, income and unsatisfying politics. Many of the signs that led to the decline of Britain were noticeable signs in America as it entered the twenty-first century. One might be surprised at the way Phillips emphasizes the despiteful practices of the rich considering his republican background. However, due to Phillips increased knowledge of the GOP (Grand Old Party; the first Republicans) He has concluded Republicans economic polices and biases of the 1990s and early 2000s betray the legacy of who He considers the two greatest Republican presidents, Lincoln and Teddy Roosevelt.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wealth and Democracy performs a splendid job of convincing one that democracy is endangered and that the practices of the rich and those in power can be deceitful. For the most part the book is easy to follow, fairly organized and has an exceptionally good index. However Phillips could have done better when making references to his previous works because they are confusing and unclear. Wealth and Democracy :: essays research papers Wealth and Democracy. By Kevin Phillips. (New York: Broadway Books, c. 2002. Pp. vii, 422. ISBN 0-7679-0533-4.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wealth and Democracy clearly illustrates and emphasizes the importance of Democracy being endangered. The author Kevin Phillips, America’s leading political analyst since 1968 and a graduate of Harvard Law School appears very informed and credible. Wealth and Democracy outlines and explains the politics of the second half of the 20th century. In this book Phillips primarily explores how the rich and politically powerful often work together to create and continue to take advantages at the expense of the national interest, the middle class, and the lower class. The book contains several interesting chapters on history and an analysis of present-day America that reveals the dangerous politics that go with the concentration of wealth. Finally, Phillips gives warnings of new radicalism and argues that the corruptions of wealth and power are destructing the United States. Wealth and Democracy examines the history of Britain and other leading world economic powers to point out the symptoms that signaled their declines such as speculative finance, increasing international debt, record wealth, income and unsatisfying politics. Many of the signs that led to the decline of Britain were noticeable signs in America as it entered the twenty-first century. One might be surprised at the way Phillips emphasizes the despiteful practices of the rich considering his republican background. However, due to Phillips increased knowledge of the GOP (Grand Old Party; the first Republicans) He has concluded Republicans economic polices and biases of the 1990s and early 2000s betray the legacy of who He considers the two greatest Republican presidents, Lincoln and Teddy Roosevelt.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wealth and Democracy performs a splendid job of convincing one that democracy is endangered and that the practices of the rich and those in power can be deceitful. For the most part the book is easy to follow, fairly organized and has an exceptionally good index. However Phillips could have done better when making references to his previous works because they are confusing and unclear.

Leadership Within the 12 Angry Men Essay

Throughout the film, there is seemingly more than one â€Å"leader† throughout the jury as according to Nick’s definition of a leader being that there were multiple influences and instances that persuaded the decisions of others. Initially the situation is composed of a biased and opinionated jury that is almost unanimously convinced the defendant is guilty. Throughout the scene, there is a slow but sure change of mind throughout the jury as the protagonist, Juror #8, successfully persuades the other jurors who initially voted the boy guilty of murder to further investigate and examine the fact which eventually leads to the confirmation and agreement of reasonable doubt among the jury. Juror 8’s effective followership was best represented by his consistent approach and solution to the conflict that initially had nobody even listening. Juror 8 knew what he was standing up for, proper justice, even in the face of adversity as he was challenged by everyone in the room and his willingness and courage to assume the responsibility and challenge the assumed (198). He is also seen as a leader of the group through the honesty and integrity he displayed by â€Å"acting in accordance with solid moral principles† (41) as well as a drive to reach an honest verdict by convincing the group to look at all the possibilities despite the obvious and assumed. Juror 3 would best be classified as an alienated follower as his prejudice against the defendant clouds his judgment, placing a bias on why he thinks the boy is guilty. As it turns out, his own son that he hasn’t seen for 2 years had grown up challenging his authority and rejecting his morals providing the basis for the anger that is displayed so stubbornly until the very bitter end. As alienated followers â€Å"are capable, they focus exclusively on the shortcomings and have experienced setbacks and obstacles† (195) as did Juror 3 when initially, he had convincingly and mindlessly persuaded the others of the defendant’s guiltiness as a result of the anger he felt from the bitter relationship he had with his son. Juror 10 could most definitely be classified as conformist follower as his stubborn belief in the defendant’s guiltiness was supported by a mindless and intolerant argument supported by his racist, bigoted comments. Initially Juror 10 willingly participated in the heated yet convinced discussion as there was little doubt about the defendant’s guilt and conflict was at a minimum. As the tables turned and tension rose, Juror 10 found himself â€Å"concerned with avoiding conflict† (195) and became less of a contributor to the conversation. As with Juror 8, in any situation in which there is an uncertainty or doubt present, especially regarding a decision with such major implications such as the one presented to the â€Å"Twelve Angry Men†, I find it highly necessary to further investigate and take all things into consideration before coming to a decision. The suspicion of shady, questionable behavior of the CEO is to be examined and reviewed in the same manner that Juror 8 went about questioning the assumed â€Å"facts† and looked at all the possibilities.

The Lost Duke of Wyndham Chapter Nineteen

The drive to Butlersbridge was everything Jack remembered. The trees, the birds, the precise shade of green as the wind ruffled the grass†¦These were the sights and sounds of his childhood. Nothing had changed. It ought to have been comforting. It wasn't. When he opened his eyes that morning, Grace had already slipped from the bed and made her way back to her own room. He was disappointed, of course; he'd been awakened by his own love and desire for her, and wanted nothing more than to gather her back into his arms. But he had understood. Life was not as free for a woman as for a man, even a woman of independent means. Grace had her reputation to consider. Thomas and Amelia would never say a word against her, but Jack did not know Lord Crowland well enough to guess what he might do if Grace were caught in his bed. And as for the dowager†¦ Well, it went without saying that she'd happily destroy Grace now, if given the chance. The traveling party – minus the dowager, to everyone's relief – met up in the inn's dining room for breakfast. Jack knew he'd been unable to keep his heart from his eyes when he saw Grace enter the room. Would it always be this way, he wondered. Would he see her and feel this indescribable, overwhelming rush of feeling? It wasn't even desire. It was far more than that. It was love. Love. With a capital L and swirly script and hearts and flowers and whatever else the angels – and yes, all those annoying little cupids – wished to use for embellishment. Love. It could be nothing else. He saw Grace and he felt joy. Not just his joy, but everyone's. The stranger seated behind him. The acquaintance across the room. He saw it all. He felt it all. It was amazing. Humbling. Grace looked at him, and he was a better man. And she thought he would allow anyone to keep them apart. It would not happen. He would not let it happen. Throughout breakfast she did not precisely avoid him – there were far too many shared glances and secret smiles for that. But she had been careful not to seek him out, and indeed, he'd not had an opportunity to speak with her even once. He probably wouldn't have been able to do so even if Grace was not so inclined to be circumspect; Amelia slipped her hand in Grace's right after breakfast and did not let go. Safety in numbers, Jack decided. The two ladies were stuck in the coach all day with the dowager. He would have been blindly reaching for a hand if forced to endure the same. The three gentlemen rode on horseback, taking advantage of the fine weather. Lord Crowland decided to take a seat in the carriage after their first stop to water the horses, but thirty minutes later he was staggering back out, declaring the ride far less exhausting than the dowager. â€Å"You would abandon your daughter to the dowager's venom?† Jack asked mildly. Crowland did not even try to make excuses. â€Å"I did not say I was proud of myself.† â€Å"The Outer Hebrides,† Thomas said, trotting by. â€Å"I'm telling you, Audley, it's the key to your happiness. The Outer Hebrides.† â€Å"The Outer Hebrides?† Crowland echoed, looking from man to man for explanation. â€Å"Almost as far as the Orkneys,† Thomas said cheerfully. â€Å"And much more fun to say.† â€Å"Have you holdings there?† Crowland asked. â€Å"Not yet,† Thomas replied. He looked over at Jack. â€Å"Perhaps you can restore a nunnery. Something with insurmountable walls.† Jack found himself enjoying the mental picture. â€Å"How have you lived with her for so long?† he asked. Thomas shook his head. â€Å"I have no idea.† They were talking as if it were already decided, Jack realized. They were talking as if he had already been named the duke. And Thomas did not seem to mind. If anything, he appeared to be looking forward to his imminent dispossession. Jack looked back at the carriage. Grace had insisted that she could not marry him if he was the duke. And yet, he could not imagine doing it without her. He was unprepared for the duties that came with the title. Astoundingly so. But she knew what to do, didn't she? She'd lived at Belgrave for five years. She had to know how the place was run. She knew the name of every last servant, and as far as he could tell, their birthdays, too. She was kind. She was gracious. She was innately fair, of impeccable judgment, and far more intelligent than he. He could not imagine a more perfect duchess. But he did not want to be the duke. He truly didn't. He'd gone over it in his mind countless times, reminding himself of all of the reasons why he'd make a very bad Duke of Wyndham, but had he ever actually come out and said it plainly? He did not want to be the duke. He looked over at Thomas, who was looking up at the sun, shading his eyes with his hand. â€Å"It must be past noon,† Lord Crowland said. â€Å"Shall we stop for lunch?† Jack shrugged. It did not matter to him. â€Å"For the sake of the ladies,† Crowland said. As one, they turned and looked over their shoulders toward the carriage. Jack thought he saw Crowland cringe. â€Å"It's not pretty in there,† he said in a low voice. Jack quirked a brow. â€Å"The dowager,† Crowland said, shuddering. â€Å"Amelia begged me to let her ride after we watered the horses.† â€Å"That would be too cruel to Grace,† Jack said. â€Å"That's what I told Amelia.† â€Å"As you were fleeing the carriage,† Thomas murmured, smiling just a little. Crowland cocked his head. â€Å"I would never claim otherwise.† â€Å"And I would never chastise you for it.† Jack listened to the exchange with little interest. By his estimation, they were about halfway to Butlersbridge, and it was growing increasingly difficult to find humor in the inane. â€Å"There is a clearing a mile or so ahead,† he said. â€Å"I've stopped there before. It's suitable for a picnic.† The two other men nodded their agreement, and about five minutes later they'd found the spot. Jack dismounted and went immediately to the carriage. A groom was helping the ladies down, but as Grace would be the last to alight, it was easy enough for him to position himself so he might take her hand when she emerged. â€Å"Mr. Audley,† Grace said. She was nothing but polite, but her eyes shone with a secret warmth. â€Å"Miss Eversleigh.† He looked down at her mouth. The corners were moving slightly†¦very slightly. She wanted to smile. He could see it. He could feel it. â€Å"I will eat in the carriage,† the dowager announced sharply. â€Å"Only heathens eat on the ground.† Jack tapped his chest and grinned. â€Å"Proud to be a heathen.† He quirked his head toward Grace. â€Å"And you?† â€Å"Very proud.† The dowager marched once around the perimeter of the field – to stretch her legs, she said – and then disappeared back inside the carriage. â€Å"That must have been very difficult for her,† Jack commented, watching her go. Grace had been examining the contents of a picnic basket, but at that she looked up. â€Å"Difficult?† â€Å"There is no one to harass in the carriage,† he explained. â€Å"I think she feels that we have all ganged up upon her.† â€Å"We have.† Grace looked conflicted. â€Å"Yes, but – â€Å" Oh†¦ no. He was not going to listen to her make excuses for the dowager. â€Å"Don't tell me that you harbor any sympathy toward her.† â€Å"No.† Grace shook her head. â€Å"I wouldn't say that, but – â€Å" â€Å"You are far too softhearted.† At that she smiled. Sheepishly. â€Å"Perhaps.† Once the blankets were laid out, Jack maneuvered them so they were seated a bit apart from the others. It was not very difficult – or very obvious – to do so; Amelia had sat down next to her father, who appeared to be delivering some sort of lecture, and Thomas had wandered off, probably in search of a tree that needed watering. â€Å"Is this the road you traveled when you went to school in Dublin?† Grace asked, reaching for a slice of bread and cheese. â€Å"Yes.† He'd tried to keep the tightness out of his voice, but he must not have succeeded, because when he looked at her, she was regarding him in that unsettling way of hers. â€Å"Why don't you want to go home?† she asked. It was on the tip of his tongue to say that her imagination was too active, or, since he really ought to be reverting to form, something clever and grandiose, involving sunshine, twittering birds, and milk of human kindness. Statements like that had got him out of far more delicate situations than this. But he hadn't the energy just now, nor the will. And, anyway, Grace knew better. She knew him better. He could be his usual flip and funny self, and most of the time – he hoped – she would love him for it. But not when he was trying to hide the truth. Or hide from the truth. â€Å"It's complicated,† he said, because at least that wasn't a lie. She nodded and turned to her lunch. He waited for another question, but none were forthcoming. So he picked up an apple. He looked over. She was cutting into a slice of roast chicken, her eyes on her utensils. He opened his mouth to speak, then decided not to, then brought the apple to his mouth. Then didn't bite into it. â€Å"It's been over five years,† he blurted out. She looked up. â€Å"Since you've been home?† He nodded. â€Å"That's a long time.† â€Å"Very long.† â€Å"Too long?† His fingers tightened around the apple. â€Å"No.† She took a few bites of her meal, then looked up. â€Å"Would you like me to slice that apple for you?† He handed it over, mostly because he'd forgotten he was holding it. â€Å"I had a cousin, you know.† Bloody hell, where had that come from? He hadn't meant to say anything about Arthur. He'd spent the last five years trying not to think about him, trying to make sure that Arthur's was not the last face he saw before he fell asleep at night. â€Å"I thought you'd said you had three cousins,† Grace said. She wasn't looking at him; she gave every sign of giving her complete focus to the apple and knife in her hands. â€Å"Only two now.† She looked up, her eyes large with sympathy. â€Å"I am sorry.† â€Å"Arthur died in France.† The words sounded rusty. He realized it had been a long time since he'd said Arthur's name aloud. Five years, probably. â€Å"With you?† Grace asked softly. He nodded. She looked down at the apple slices, now neatly arranged on a plate. She didn't seem to know what to do with them. â€Å"You're not going to say that it wasn't my fault?† he said, and he hated the sound of his voice. It was hollow, and pained, and sarcastic, and desperate, and he couldn't believe what he'd just said. â€Å"I wasn't there,† she said. His eyes flew to her face. â€Å"I can't imagine how it would have been your fault, but I wasn't there.† She reached across the food and laid her hand briefly atop his. â€Å"I'm sorry. Were you close?† He nodded, turning away and pretending to look at the trees. â€Å"Not so much when we were young. But after we left for school†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He pinched the bridge of his nose, wondering how to explain just what Arthur had done for him. â€Å"†¦we found much more in common.† Her fingers tightened around his, and then she let go. â€Å"It is difficult to lose someone you love.† He looked back at her once he was satisfied that his eyes would remain dry. â€Å"When you lost your parents†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"It was horrible,† she answered. Her lips moved at the corners, but not into a smile. It was one of those flashes of movement – a tiny, little rush of emotion, escaping almost without notice. â€Å"I didn't think I should die,† Grace said softly, â€Å"but I did not know how I would live.† â€Å"I wish†¦Ã¢â‚¬  But he didn't know what he wished. That he could have been there for her? What good would he have been? Five years ago he'd been broken, too. â€Å"The dowager saved me,† she said. She smiled wryly. â€Å"Isn't that funny?† His brows rose. â€Å"Oh, come now. The dowager does nothing out of the goodness of her heart.† â€Å"I did not say why she did it, just that she did. I should have been forced to marry my cousin if she had not taken me in.† He took her hand and brought it to his lips. â€Å"I am glad you did not.† â€Å"So am I,† she said, without any trace of tenderness. â€Å"He is awful.† Jack chuckled. â€Å"And here I'd hoped you were relieved to have waited for me.† She gave him an arch look and withdrew her hand. â€Å"You have not met my cousin.† He finally took one of the apple pieces and bit into it. â€Å"We have an overabundance of odious relations, you and I.† Her lips twisted in thought, and then her body twisted so that she could look back toward the carriage. â€Å"I should go to her,† she said. â€Å"No, you shouldn't,† Jack said firmly. Grace sighed. She did not want to feel sorry for the dowager, not after what the dowager had said to her the night before. But her conversation with Jack had brought back memories†¦and reminded her just how very much she was indebted to her. She turned back to Jack. â€Å"She is all alone.† â€Å"She deserves to be alone.† He said this with great conviction, and more than a touch of surprise, as if he could not believe the matter might be under discussion. â€Å"No one deserves to be alone.† â€Å"Do you really believe that?† She didn't, but†¦Ã¢â‚¬ I want to believe it.† He looked at her dubiously. Grace started to rise. She looked this way and that, making sure no one could hear, and said, â€Å"You should not have been kissing my hand where people can see, anyway.† She stood then, stepping quickly away, before he had a chance to make a reply. â€Å"Have you finished your lunch?† Amelia called out as she passed. Grace nodded. â€Å"Yes. I am going to the carriage to see if the dowager needs anything.† Amelia looked at her as if she'd gone mad. Grace gave a little shrug. â€Å"Everybody deserves a second chance.† She thought about that, then added, mostly to herself, â€Å"That, I really do believe.† She marched over to the carriage. It was too high for her to climb up herself, and the grooms were nowhere in sight, so she called out, â€Å"Your grace! Your grace!† There was no reply, so she said, a little louder, â€Å"Ma'am!† The dowager's irate visage appeared in the open doorway. â€Å"What do you want?† Grace reminded herself that she had not spent a lifetime of Sunday mornings in church for nothing. â€Å"I wished to inquire if you needed anything, your grace.† â€Å"Why?† Good heavens, she was suspicious. â€Å"Because I am a nice person,† Grace said, somewhat impatiently. And then she crossed her arms, waiting to see what the dowager said to that. The dowager stared down at her for several moments, then said, â€Å"It is my experience that nice people don't need to advertise themselves as such.† Grace wanted to inquire what sort of experience the dowager had with nice people, since it was her own experience that most nice people fled the dowager's presence. But that seemed catty. She took a breath. She did not have to do this. She did not have to help the dowager in any way. She was her own woman now, and she did not need to worry over her security. But she was, as she had noted, a nice person. And she was determined to remain a nice person, regardless of her improved circumstances. She had waited upon the dowager for the last five years because she'd had to, not because she wanted to. And now†¦ Well, she still didn't want to. But she'd do it. Whatever the dowager's motives five years ago, she had saved Grace from a lifetime of unhappiness. And for that, she could spend an hour attending to the dowager. But more than that, she could choose to spend an hour attending to her. It was amazing what a difference that made. â€Å"Ma'am?† Grace said. That was all. Just ma'am. She'd said enough. It was up to the dowager now. â€Å"Oh, very well,† she said irritably. â€Å"If you feel you must.† Grace kept her face utterly serene as she allowed Lord Crowland (who had caught the latter half of the conversation and told Grace she was mad) to help her up. She took her prescribed seat – facing backward, as far from the dowager as possible – and folded her hands neatly in her lap. She did not know how long they would be sitting here; the others had not seemed quite ready to quit their lunch. The dowager was looking out the window; Grace kept her eyes on her hands. Every now and then she'd steal a glance up, and every time, the dowager was still turned away, her posture hard and stiff, her lips pinched tight. And then – perhaps the fifth time Grace looked up – the dowager was staring straight at her. â€Å"You disappoint me,† she said, her voice low – not quite hiss, but something close to it. Grace held her silence. She held everything, it seemed – her posture, her breath. She did not know what to say, except that she would not apologize. Not for having the audacity to reach out for happiness. â€Å"You were not supposed to leave.† â€Å"I was but a servant, ma'am.† â€Å"You were not supposed to leave,† the dowager said again, but this time something within her seemed to shake. Not quite her body, and not quite her voice. Her heart, Grace realized with a shock. Her heart was shaking. â€Å"He is not what I expected,† the dowager said. Grace blinked, trying to follow. â€Å"Mr. Audley?† â€Å"Cavendish,† the dowager said sharply. â€Å"You did not know that he existed,† Grace said, as gently as she was able. â€Å"How could you have expected anything?† The dowager did not answer. Not that question, anyway. â€Å"Do you know why I took you into my home?† she asked instead. â€Å"No,† Grace said softly. The dowager's lips pressed together for a moment before she said, â€Å"It was not right. A person should not be alone in this world.† â€Å"No,† Grace said again. And she believed it, with her whole heart. â€Å"It was for the both of us. I took a terrible thing and turned it into good. For both of us.† Her eyes narrowed, boring into Grace's. â€Å"You were not supposed to leave.† And then – good heavens, Grace could not believe she was saying it, but: â€Å"I will come visit you, should you wish.† The dowager swallowed, and she looked straight ahead when she said, â€Å"That would be acceptable.† Grace was saved from further reply by the arrival of Amelia, who informed them that they would depart momentarily. And indeed, she'd had barely enough time to settle into her seat when the carriage wheels creaked into motion, and they began to roll forward. No one spoke. It was better that way. Several hours later, Grace opened her eyes. Amelia was staring at her. â€Å"You fell asleep,† she said quietly, then put her finger to her lips as she motioned to the dowager, who had also dozed off. Grace covered a yawn, then asked, â€Å"How much longer do you think we have until we get there?† â€Å"I don't know.† Amelia gave a little shrug. â€Å"Perhaps an hour? Two?† She sighed then, and leaned back. She looked tired, Grace thought. They were all tired. And scared. â€Å"What will you do?† Grace asked, before she had the chance to think better of it. Amelia did not open her eyes. â€Å"I don't know.† It was not much of an answer, but then again, it hadn't been a fair question. â€Å"Do you know what the funniest part of it is?† Amelia asked quite suddenly. Grace shook her head, then remembered that Amelia's eyes were still closed and said, â€Å"No.† â€Å"I keep thinking to myself, ‘This isn't fair. I should have a choice. I should not have to be traded and bartered like some sort of commodity.' But then I think, ‘How is this any different? I was given to Wyndham years ago. I never made a complaint.'† â€Å"You were just a baby,† Grace said. Still, Amelia did not open her eyes, and when she spoke, her voice was quiet and full of recrimination. â€Å"I have had many years to lodge a complaint.† â€Å"Amelia – â€Å" â€Å"I have no one to blame but myself.† â€Å"That's not true.† Amelia finally opened her eyes. One of them, at least. â€Å"You're just saying that.† â€Å"No, I'm not. I would,† Grace admitted, because it was true. â€Å"But as it happens, I am telling the truth. It isn't your fault. It's not anyone's fault, really.† She took a breath. Let it out. â€Å"I wish it were. It would be so much easier that way.† â€Å"To have someone to blame?† â€Å"Yes.† And then Amelia whispered, â€Å"I don't want to marry him.† â€Å"Thomas?† Grace asked. Amelia had spent so long as his fiancee, and they did not seem to have any great affection for one another. Amelia looked at her curiously. â€Å"No. Mr. Audley.† â€Å"Really?† â€Å"You sound so shocked.† â€Å"No, of course not,† Grace said hurriedly. What was she to say to Amelia – that she was so desperately in love with him herself that she could not imagine anyone not wanting him? â€Å"It's just that he's so handsome,† she improvised. Amelia gave a little shrug. â€Å"I suppose.† She supposed? Hadn't she ever seen him smile? But then Amelia said, â€Å"Don't you find him a little too charming?† â€Å"No.† Grace immediately looked down at her hands, because her no had come out in not at all the tone of voice she'd intended. And indeed, Amelia must have heard it, too, because her next words were – â€Å"Grace Eversleigh, do you fancy Mr. Audley?† Grace stammered and stumbled, and managed a rather croaky, â€Å"I – † before Amelia cut in with – â€Å"You do.† â€Å"It does not signify,† Grace said, because what was she supposed to say? To Amelia, who might or might not be engaged to marry him. â€Å"Of course it signifies. Does he fancy you?† Grace wanted to melt into the seat. â€Å"No,† Amelia said, sounding highly amused. â€Å"Don't answer. I can see from your face that he does. Well. I certainly shall not marry him now.† Grace swallowed. Her throat tasted bitter. â€Å"You should not refuse him on my account.† â€Å"What did you just say?† â€Å"I can't marry him if he's the duke.† â€Å"Why not?† Grace tried to smile, because really, it was sweet of Amelia to ignore the difference in their positions. But she could not quite manage it. â€Å"If he is the duke, he will need to marry someone suitable. Of your rank.† â€Å"Oh, don't be silly,† Amelia scoffed. â€Å"It's not as if you grew up in an orphanage.† â€Å"There will be scandal enough. He must not add to it with a sensational marriage.† â€Å"An actress would be sensational. You will merely be a week's worth of gossip.† It would be more than that, but Grace saw no point in arguing further. But then Amelia said – â€Å"I do not know Mr. Audley's mind, or his intentions, but if he is prepared to dare everything for love, then you should be, too.† Grace looked at her. How was it that Amelia suddenly looked so very wise? When had that happened? When had she stopped being Elizabeth's little sister and become†¦herself? Amelia reached out and squeezed her hand. â€Å"Be a woman of courage, Grace.† She smiled then, murmuring something to herself as she turned and looked out the window. Grace stared straight ahead, thinking†¦wondering†¦was Amelia right? Or was it just that she had never faced hardship? It was easy to talk about being courageous when one had never come face-to-face with desperation. What would happen if a woman of her background married a duke? Thomas's mother had not been an aristocrat, but when she married his father, he was only third in line to inherit, and no one had expected her to become a duchess. By all accounts, she had been dreadfully unhappy. Miserable, even. But Thomas's parents had not loved each other. They had not even liked each other, from what Grace had heard. But she loved Jack. And he loved her. Still, it would all be so much simpler if he turned out not to be the legitimate son of John Cavendish. And then, out of nowhere, Amelia whispered, â€Å"We could blame the dowager.† As Grace turned to her in confusion, Amelia clarified, â€Å"For this. You said it would be easier if we had someone to blame.† Grace looked over at the dowager, who was seated across from Amelia. She was snoring softly, and her head was perched at what had to be an uncomfortable angle. It was remarkable, but even in repose her mouth was pinched and unpleasant. â€Å"It's certainly more her fault than anyone else's,† Amelia added, but Grace noted that she tossed a nervous glance at the dowager as she spoke. Grace nodded, murmuring, â€Å"I cannot disagree with that.† Amelia stared off into space for several seconds, and then, just when Grace was convinced that she did not plan to respond, she said, â€Å"It didn't make me feel any better.† â€Å"Blaming the dowager?† â€Å"Yes.† Amelia's shoulders slumped a bit. â€Å"It's still horrible. The whole thing.† â€Å"Dreadful,† Grace agreed. Amelia turned and looked at her directly. â€Å"Sodding bad.† Grace gasped. â€Å"Amelia!† Amelia's face wrinkled in thought. â€Å"Did I use that correctly?† â€Å"I wouldn't know.† â€Å"Oh, come now, don't tell me you haven't thought something just as unladylike.† â€Å"I wouldn't say it.† The look Amelia gave her was as clear as a dare. â€Å"But you thought it.† Grace felt her lips twitch. â€Å"It's a damned shame.† â€Å"A bloody inconvenience, if you ask me,† Amelia responded, fast enough so Grace knew she'd been saving that one. â€Å"I have an advantage, you know,† Grace said archly. â€Å"Oh, really?† â€Å"Indeed. I am privy to the servants' talk.† â€Å"Oh, come now, you won't be convincing me that the housemaids at Belgrave talk like the fishmonger.† â€Å"No, but sometimes the footmen do.† â€Å"In front of you?† â€Å"Not on purpose,† Grace admitted, â€Å"but it happens.† â€Å"Very well.† Amelia turned to her with quirked lips and humor in her eyes. â€Å"Do your worst.† Grace thought for a moment and then, after darting a quick glance across the carriage to make sure that the dowager was still asleep, she leaned forward and whispered in Amelia's ear. When she was through, Amelia drew back and stared at her, blinking three times before saying, â€Å"I'm not sure I know what that means.† Grace frowned. â€Å"I don't think I do, either.† â€Å"It sounds bad, though.† â€Å"Sodding bad,† Grace said with a smile, and she patted Amelia's hand. Amelia sighed. â€Å"A damned shame.† â€Å"We're repeating ourselves,† Grace pointed out. â€Å"I know,† Amelia said, with a fair bit of feeling. â€Å"But whose fault is it? Not ours. We've been far too sheltered.† â€Å"Now that,† Grace announced with flair, â€Å"really is a damned shame.† â€Å"A bloody inconvenience, if you ask me.† â€Å"What the devil are the two of you talking about?† Grace gulped, and she stole a glance at Amelia, who was staring at the now quite awake dowager with a similar look of horror. â€Å"Well?† the dowager demanded. â€Å"Nothing,† Grace chirped. The dowager regarded her with a most unpleasant expression, then turned her icy attentions to Amelia. â€Å"And you, Lady Amelia. Where is your breeding?† And then Amelia – oh, dear heavens – she shrugged her shoulders and said, â€Å"Damned if I know.† Grace tried to hold still, but her shock positively burst out of her, and she rather feared she spat upon the dowager. Which did seem ironic, that the first time she did such a thing, it should be accidental. â€Å"You are disgusting,† the dowager hissed. â€Å"I cannot believe I considered forgiving you.† â€Å"Stop picking on Grace,† Amelia said. With surprising force. Grace turned to Amelia in surprise. The dowager, however, was furious. â€Å"I beg your pardon.† â€Å"I said, stop picking on Grace.† â€Å"And who do you think you are, to order me about?† As Grace watched Amelia, she would have sworn she changed right before her very eyes. Gone was the unsure girl, in her place was: â€Å"The future Duchess of Wyndham, or so I'm told.† Grace's lips parted in shock. And admiration. â€Å"Because really,† Amelia added disdainfully, â€Å"if I'm not, what the devil am I doing here, halfway across Ireland?† Grace's eyes darted from Amelia to the dowager and back. And then back again. And then – Well, suffice it to say, it was a monstrously long moment of silence. â€Å"Do not speak again,† the dowager finally said. â€Å"I cannot tolerate the sound of your voices.† And indeed, they all remained silent for the rest of the journey. Even the dowager.

Should Religion Be Given more influence in the Education Sys essays

Should Religion Be Given more influence in the Education Sys essays The Constitution was written in 1787 by the founding fathers of the United States. The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments of the Constitution. The very first amendment protects the rights of citizens to worship as they please and the right not to be forced to support someone else's religion (Encarta 1999). They establish basic American civil liberties that the government cannot violate. The reason there should be a separation of church and State is because of the multiple number of religions in America. There are even some who do not even have a religion. If there were more influence of religion in the education systems of America then some children whose parents do not want them to be a certain religion may become confused at what religion to follow. In the case Newdow v. U.S. Congress (2002) the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals rules that the addition of the words "under God" to the Pledge of Allegiance back in 1954 was unconstitutional because it violates the separation of church and state (http://atheism.about.com/library/FAQs/blfaq_cs_index.htm.). The debate about the Ten Commandments is very important. Some think that the Ten Commandments should be displayed in public schools. Contrary to what some believe there is not a "standard version" of the Ten Commandments. Catholics, Protestants and Jews all have different versions - different wordings, different numberings and different emphases. How can any one be picked without implicitly denying the validity of the others? Religion should not be given more influence in America's education system because of the beliefs of different people throughout the country. Since there are so many religions in the United States no one would know exactly what religion to influence the children in the schools. Some think that if you incorporate religion into the education of children that they will receive a better education. This is not true. As a young child I was enroll ...

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Dawn by Elie Wiesel essays The book I read for my book review was Dawn, bye Elie Wiesel. This story represents the post WWII struggle of the Israeli freedom fighters one young man in particular, who has found himself on the other side of the gun. Wiesel himself severed his time in the death camps at Auschwitz and Buchenwald during the War, and had previously written Night, the memoirs of his experiences. The purpose of this book, in my mind, was to express the inner most thoughts and the anguish of Elisha. Elisha is 18 years old. He was recruited by a gentleman named Gad, who turned him into a fighter. He has killed before for their cause, but only in groups never alone. ... Our bullets were a flaming wall on which their lives were shattered... My five comrades and I set out to either kill or to be killed. Pg28. But now, Elisha wasnt in a group. He had been ordered to execute an English officer, John Dawson, as to compensate for the British capturing David ben Moshe, one of their own. In tradition, executions always took place at dawn in their culture; usually around 5AM. Elisha has less than twelve hours before he will be labeled as a murderer for the rest of his life. Hes having a difficult time coming to the reality that he is going to have to kill a man on his own. I should forget this night. But the dead never forget... In their eyes I should be forever branded a killer. Pg69. Of course, then again, if anyone were put into that position having to kill a man, who has done nothing wrong except be born of English blood I think they would be having some serious issues with themselves as well. In the Jewish tradition, there is a lot of focus on and towards nighttime. Night is a very important in that Night is purer than day; it is better for thinking and loving and dreaming. At night everything is more intense, more true. The echo of words that have been spoken during the day ta...

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Bariatric Surgery Things You Should Be Aware Of When all other measures fail to control morbid obesity, weight loss surgery is a source of hope to the overweight. American doctors perform weight loss surgery over 140,000 times a year. The oldest form of weight loss surgery is the most familiar, stomach stapling. In this 30-year-old procedure, most of the stomach is sliced and then stapled shut. After the procedure, only a small pouch remains. Shrinking the stomach so it can only hold half a cup of food makes it easier to feel full. In fact, most people who have weight loss surgery feel full after eating the amount of food that you could put on a coffee saucer. It becomes impossible to eat more than two quarter-cup servings (about 50 grams altogether) of anything at a single meal. Weight loss follows calorie restriction. The newer and now more common form of weight loss surgery, the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, also makes the stomach surgically smaller. In this procedure, however, the stomach is not dissected and stapled shut. In this newer form of weight loss surgery, the stomach is cut and sutured, or sewn, and the intestines are moved so that the end of the stomach is connected farther down the intestine. This procedure leaves a smaller stomach that fills more quickly. It also leaves a shorter length of intestine to absorb fats (and other nutrients) from the smaller amounts of food that are eaten. With this form of weight loss surgery, you dont just eat less. Your intestines absorb less of the food you do eat. Roux-en-Y bariatric surgery produces quicker and more significant weight loss than just stapling or banding the stomach. Theres also a third approach to weight loss surgery, the lap band. The benefit of the lap band is that the weight loss surgery to install it can be laparoscopic, that is, done through an incision as little as one inch (25 mm) wide. Lap band surgery can even be an outpatient procedure, with the patient going home the same day. After lap band surgery, many patients go back to work in three to four days and resume all normal activities (except eating) within a week. The other gastric bypass procedures require a minimum of four days in the hospital and six to eight weeks before resuming an active lifestyle. Another advantage of lap band surgery is a much lower risk of infection. Lap band surgery goes around the stomach, not into the stomach. The bacteria in the stomach do not leak into other parts of the body, and the risk of infection is greatly reduced. Lap band surgery is much less painful than the other procedures. And since pain in the muscles is so much less, patients are very unli kely to develop pneumonia or other breathing problems. The disadvantage of lap band bariatric surgery is that not everyone can have it. The FDA at one time required that recipients of lap band bariatric procedures be at least 18 and no more than 50 years of age. Its also utterly essential not to be allergic to the material used to make the band. And if you overeat after you have a lap band in place, the effect is a little like pulling a napkin through a napkin ring. Too much food can stretch the band so that it damages the stomach. Lap band surgery is easier, but requires more discipline. There is no form of weight loss surgery that is a complete cure for obesity all by itself. Lifetime attention to diet and exercise are still necessary. But successful weight loss surgery can give you the boost you need to regain control of your life and become truly, lastingly, healthily thin. The Promise and Potential of Fat Surgery When Diets Fail When all other measures fail to control morbid obesity, weight loss surgery or fat surgery is a source of hope to the overweight. American doctors perform surgical procedures to make weight loss easier well over 100,000 times a year. The oldest form of fat surgery is the most familiar, stomach stapling. In this well-established procedure, most of the stomach is sliced and then stapled shut. After this form of fat surgery, only a small pouch of the stomach remains connected to the esophagus. The newly resized stomach can only hold half a cup of food. Having a smaller stomach makes it easier to feel full. In fact, most people who have fat surgery feel full after eating the amount of food that you could put on a coffee saucer. It becomes impossible to eat more than two quarter-cup servings (about 50 grams altogether) of anything at a single meal. Weight loss naturally follows. Stomach stapling is the oldest form of fat surgery, an d you can probably find a physician in your area who has a lot of experience doing it. In fact, you should only consider physicians and hospitals who have performed at least 100 operations. You dont want your doctors training to be performed on you. Other procedures are little harder to arrange. The newer form of stomach reduction, the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, also makes the stomach surgically smaller. In this procedure, however, the stomach is not dissected and stapled shut. Instead, after the stomachs size is reduced, it is reattached to the small intestine at a lower point. Roux-en-Y fat surgery leaves a smaller stomach that fills more quickly. It also leaves a shorter length of intestine to absorb fats (and other nutrients) from the smaller amounts of food that are eaten. With this form of fat surgery, you dont just eat less. Your intestines absorb less of the food you do eat. Roux-en-Y bariatric surgery produces quicker and more significant weight loss than just stapling or banding the stomach. Theres also a third approach to fat surgery, the lap band. The benefit of the lap band is that the weight loss surgery to install it can be laparoscopic. The entire fat surgery can be done through an incision as little as one inch (25 mm) wide. Lap band surgery can even be an outpatient procedure, so you can go home the same day. After lap band surgery, many patients go back to work in three to four days and resume all normal activities (except eating) within a week. The other forms of fat surgery require a minimum of four days in the hospital and six to eight weeks before resuming an active lifestyle. You may be asking, Why just shrink the stomach? Wouldnt it be simpler just to surgically remove all the fat? This procedure, called lipectomy, actually exists. Liposuction has the same effect. The problem with both lipectomy and liposuction is that high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and high blood sugars dont go down just because fat is removed from the body. Only the process of di eting seems to have this effect. There is no form of fat surgery that is a complete cure for obesity all by itself. Lifetime attention to diet and exercise are still necessary. But successful weight loss surgery can give you the boost you need to regain control of your life and become truly, lastingly, healthily thin.

Spiritual Needs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Spiritual Needs - Assignment Example The results show that those who had frequent involvements in spiritual matters were significantly more likely to have longer, healthier lives. (McCullough, Hoyt, Larson, Koenig & Thoresen, 2000 ) Thesis - Of course any patient needs treatment for his illness, but this should be given as part of a holistic approach which includes an attempt to both assess and to meet his spiritual needs, whatever his particular faith stance and practice. In order to do this effectively it is necessary to be aware of particular spiritual needs. For this reason each patient should be assessed spiritually. A number of question s should be asked in order to arrive at the truth regarding an individual’s spiritual state. The answers then provide clues or pointers to what is required – does the person want to see a minister, to receive the Eucharist, or perhaps need space to put down a prayer mat if they are a Muslim.... Rather they provide an inclusive framework. They may not necessarily be addressed directly to the patient , but may be based upon observation, if for instance the patient has difficulty speaking or when there is a language barrier. They may for instance be wearing a cross or a Sikh steel bangle The questions do not include words specific to particular religious groups e.g .church, temple, synagogue, sacraments. It isn’t that these may not be used, but rather that it is necessary to establish first of all if the patient does belong to a particular faith ]tradition e.g. If they ‘I go to the Episcopalian church in my town.’ the care provider might go on to ask if anyone from the church know you are in hospital? Would you like us to let them know? If they say ‘I am a Muslim’ they can then be informed of any specifically Muslim provision such as a prayer room or told that they can use the day rom at particular times . b) My assessment of Michael R. Michael is a 45 year old gentleman whom I have come to know well over several weeks. He originally came into hospital with what he thought was simple chest infection, but was told within a few hours that he required a lung transplant, something he found to be devastating. Since that time his kidney function has deteriorated and he had a near fatal episode a few days ago. Date of interview most recent interview 27th July 2012 . Significant discoveries. Michael has a young child and, because he feels his illness is self-induced he feels a great deal of guilt about his more youthful follies such as street drug use which now prevent him from being with his child . He doesn’t want his daughter to see him in his present state. c) What went well? At first Michael pretended he didn’t want

Marx and Engels 1848 Communist Manifesto and Marshall Bermans 1982 Essay

Marx and Engels 1848 Communist Manifesto and Marshall Bermans 1982 text on Marx and Modernization - Essay Example This paper illustrates that through an inspiration gathered from The Communist Manifesto, Berman refers to the social and political aspects of modernity as â€Å"a unity of disunity†. Therefore, Berman tends to illustrate that modernity makes individual to be in a constant state of constant struggle and incongruity, disintegration and renewal, as well as uncertainty and anguish. Equally, this can be identified whereby Marx uses the phrase â€Å"all that is solid melts into air†, to describe the concept of modernity. As such, Berman tries to use the perpetual experiences of ‘disintegration and renewal’ to point out both the advantages and dangers associated with the modern social life. As such, not only does Berman tries to demonstrate how the structure of domination and power have taken over modernity, but he also describes the existence of prevailing political changes that are essential in the attainment of an effective modern life. Despite the fact that B erman solely relies on The Communist Manifesto as his main theoretic manuscript to illustrate modernity, there are several important inferences that his work presents that should not be overlooked. Notably important, Berman outlines an important factor for modernity by presenting an all-encompassing and dialectical understanding of the efforts and impulses by acting as ‘the developer.’ As the developer, Berman anticipates discovering both the most creative and destructive possibilities of the modern social life. Thus, for Berman, there are several factors such as demographic transformations, scientific discoveries, mass movements, and industrial upheavals among others that generate modernity. As such, Berman tends to use these socioeconomic factors, together with the changing capitalistic markets as the factors that are responsible for driving change and bringing modernity.

Breaking Prison Rules Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Breaking Prison Rules - Essay Example A fact that he may have decided to use to his advantage but to my detriment as an officer. He most likely believes that I would help him communicate with the gun group based upon my openly known supportive stance. But regardless of my personal belief in their cause, my duty as a keeper of the peace must be upheld. Therefore, I know that as a prisoner, he has no right to communicate with the outside world without due clearance and permission from the proper authorities. It is therefore quite obvious that, owing to his situation, I will not be violating his rights as a person when I open the letter and read the content for evaluation purposes. Depending upon the content, I may opt to pass the letter along or, if the letter proves detrimental to public peace or has a direct relevance in the on-going investigation, choose to submit the letter as further evidence to the court through the district attorney or his

Astr hw4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Astr hw4 - Essay Example With the use of the VLA, the remnant G 1.9 and 0.3 that was small in size exploded while near to the center of the galaxy. The result was a source of a supernova explosion that happened 400 years ago. After a period of twenty two years, another explosion of the remnant occurred. It was a bit larger by 16 percent than the other supernova explosions. With the information it s true that the galaxy is becoming deficient in the production of the supernova in the last years. 2. The theory concerning the origin of water is believed that water was released from the volcanoes that were transformed to be asteroids and meteoroids. In the first theory that is related to the activity of the volcanic. It suggested that the earth had cooled leading to a recombination of the cooled elements. In the elements there existed hydrogen that split to form hydrocarbons of methane, and oxygen. The elements were carried into the air by the magma of hydrogen to create a combination of water droplets. The theory better explains the water accumulated on the surface but it does not explain seventy percent of the water sources. The second theory explains more claiming water to be formed by comets of earth-grazing. On the surface of the universe there exist water molecules at the nebulae. On the same note, water found at the universe is not the same as the one found at sea. The comets water has got deuterium levels (In Nollet & In De, 2013). 3. The snowball earth is a theory that tries to explain one of the coldest climates on earth. This is a planet that is completely covered with the ice that is glacial having a temperature of around -50 degrees. This is because the radiation of the sun connects back to the earth’s space. The evidence for the theory includes the distribution of both the Sturtian and Marinoan globally that form carbon isotope at the seawater. The marine deposits are also connected to the limestone at the surface of the ocean. The presence of the irons and deposits

United Holidays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

United Holidays - Essay Example It is considerably easy to carry out. Disadvantages It is time consuming Written sources 3 b. Discuss the purpose and features of a CASE tool, which could support the development of the required system for United Holidays Purpose: They enhance software development. They generate codes automatically and also used in normalization.Diagramming tools are used to draw the system models required or recommended in most methodologies. Description tools are used to record, delete, edit, and output non-graphical documentation and specifications. Prototyping tools are used construct system components including inputs, outputs, and programs. Inquiry and reporting tools are used to extract models, descriptions, and specifications from the repository. Quality management tools analyze models, descriptions, and prototypes for consistency, completeness, or conformance to accepted 'rules' of the methodologies that the CASE tools support. 4 a. What are the typical job roles that exist within the software development lifecycle, and at which stage(s) of the lifecycle will they each be active Systems Analyst Programmers: these are the people who develop the codes Users. They give information. Project Manager b. Who are the stakeholders in an information system, and what are their individual priorities System owners. These can be individuals or organizations. System Users. These are the staff or employees who interact with the system on a daily basis System Designers. System builders. Are the programmers Vendors. Are the ones who are in the business of selling and distributing these systems 5 a. What are the relevant advantages and disadvantages of Software Prototyping and the Waterfall with Iteration approach to software development Advantages of... United Holidays In object programming the practice to combine simple objects is referred to as composition for example the classes in the airline can not exist if the class airline is removed This allows the investigator to develop empathy for the study population through listening and participating. Additionally, observation allows the observer to become an "insider. The method is also very useful where no records of previous studies exist Data can be collected quickly on specific items; these data can be easily transferred into forms allowing quantified and computerized analyses; and data collection tasks can be delegated to less expensive field staff. Questionnaires also compel the adoption of some "organized structure" upon data collection (Fowler, M. 2003) Transition: in this phase the goal is to system and user test the system to ensure that it is ready to be deployed into production, to make needed corrections, and to actually deploy the system (Fowler, M. 2003). This leads to the fact that data programmers and other professionals need to be prepared to change and grow their models, including their database schema over time. Furthermore, iterations lead to the discovery of the need to re-factor their schema to reflect the needs of new requirements (Fowler, M. 2003). If your system needs to interface with existing legacy systems, and it often does, data professionals will likely be needed to be involved with legacy integration efforts. Data models are very likely needed, but they're not needed up front.

Breaking Prison Rules Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Breaking Prison Rules - Essay Example A fact that he may have decided to use to his advantage but to my detriment as an officer. He most likely believes that I would help him communicate with the gun group based upon my openly known supportive stance. But regardless of my personal belief in their cause, my duty as a keeper of the peace must be upheld. Therefore, I know that as a prisoner, he has no right to communicate with the outside world without due clearance and permission from the proper authorities. It is therefore quite obvious that, owing to his situation, I will not be violating his rights as a person when I open the letter and read the content for evaluation purposes. Depending upon the content, I may opt to pass the letter along or, if the letter proves detrimental to public peace or has a direct relevance in the on-going investigation, choose to submit the letter as further evidence to the court through the district attorney or his

United Holidays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

United Holidays - Essay Example It is considerably easy to carry out. Disadvantages It is time consuming Written sources 3 b. Discuss the purpose and features of a CASE tool, which could support the development of the required system for United Holidays Purpose: They enhance software development. They generate codes automatically and also used in normalization.Diagramming tools are used to draw the system models required or recommended in most methodologies. Description tools are used to record, delete, edit, and output non-graphical documentation and specifications. Prototyping tools are used construct system components including inputs, outputs, and programs. Inquiry and reporting tools are used to extract models, descriptions, and specifications from the repository. Quality management tools analyze models, descriptions, and prototypes for consistency, completeness, or conformance to accepted 'rules' of the methodologies that the CASE tools support. 4 a. What are the typical job roles that exist within the software development lifecycle, and at which stage(s) of the lifecycle will they each be active Systems Analyst Programmers: these are the people who develop the codes Users. They give information. Project Manager b. Who are the stakeholders in an information system, and what are their individual priorities System owners. These can be individuals or organizations. System Users. These are the staff or employees who interact with the system on a daily basis System Designers. System builders. Are the programmers Vendors. Are the ones who are in the business of selling and distributing these systems 5 a. What are the relevant advantages and disadvantages of Software Prototyping and the Waterfall with Iteration approach to software development Advantages of... United Holidays In object programming the practice to combine simple objects is referred to as composition for example the classes in the airline can not exist if the class airline is removed This allows the investigator to develop empathy for the study population through listening and participating. Additionally, observation allows the observer to become an "insider. The method is also very useful where no records of previous studies exist Data can be collected quickly on specific items; these data can be easily transferred into forms allowing quantified and computerized analyses; and data collection tasks can be delegated to less expensive field staff. Questionnaires also compel the adoption of some "organized structure" upon data collection (Fowler, M. 2003) Transition: in this phase the goal is to system and user test the system to ensure that it is ready to be deployed into production, to make needed corrections, and to actually deploy the system (Fowler, M. 2003). This leads to the fact that data programmers and other professionals need to be prepared to change and grow their models, including their database schema over time. Furthermore, iterations lead to the discovery of the need to re-factor their schema to reflect the needs of new requirements (Fowler, M. 2003). If your system needs to interface with existing legacy systems, and it often does, data professionals will likely be needed to be involved with legacy integration efforts. Data models are very likely needed, but they're not needed up front.

Young Goodman Brown Analysis Essay Example for Free

Young Goodman Brown Analysis Essay Plot: â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† tells a tale of a man named Goodman Brown and his journey into a forest one night. That night, he said goodbye to his wife Faith, who begged him not to go and stay with her. He went anyway and met with a man on the road. Goodman Brown and the man conversed on the way, while Brown was trying to convince the man that he is a good Christian and does not want a part in evil, saying that his family and the ones before him were Christians and good people; Brown did not want to be different. The man replied him saying that he knew Brown’s father and grandfather, as well as members of his church and the governor of the state. Brown was surprised by all what the man was saying, but soon found out when he finally reached the destination of his journey, the ceremony where he and a young woman are to be new converts. There, he saw faces of many respected members of the community, the minister, deacon, good Christian men and women and Indian priests. However, Brown does not see Faith and is hopeful that she might not be there. To his disappointment, Brown sees that his wife Faith is the other convert. He then tells Faith to look up to heaven and resist the devil, at this moment, Brown found himself alone in the forest. When Brown returned home to Salem Village in the morning, everyone seemed evil to him, including the minister, the deacon praying and even his wife. Brown was not sure if his forest encounter was a dream or reality and he lived the rest of his life in despair. Structure: The incidents in the story were arranged chronologically. There was a beginning and an end, with events happening in between. There were no flashbacks, but there might have been some foreshadowing, to hint that maybe Brown’s wife Faith will be at the ceremony. Type of Story: â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is a short story, as defined by Robert DiYanni (2008), it revealed the characters â€Å"in dramatic scenes, in moments of action and in exchanges of dialogue† (p. 47). The story also include several characteristics of short story, such as a realistic time and place setting; recognizable human characters motivated by identifiable social and psychological forces; and a plot which illustrates a sequence of related events (DiYanni, 2008, p. 7). It told a complete story with set-up, conflict and resolution. Characters: The main characters of the story are Goodman Brown: a young, curious, good Christian and a newlywed husband of Faith; Faith: a young, beautiful wife of Goodman Brown; and the Old Man: a cunning, evil man that tempts Goodman Brown into attending the ceremony. Other characters of the story are Goody Cloyse, the Minister and Deacon Gookin. All three are Christians and respectable members of the community, but in secret, as reveled at the ceremony, they all appeared to be followers of the devil. Setting: The story takes place in Salem Village. The majority of the story happened in a gloomy forest and at night. The setting could be symbolic of the events that happened in the forest. Sorcery, witch craft, the devil and evil are often associated with darkness and nighttime. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† was no different, the ceremony took place at night and Goodman Brown had to travel through a dark, gloomy forest to get there. Symbolism: There were objects and events that served as symbols in the story. These symbols and events represent the devil, witchcraft and sorcery. The snakelike staff the old man had with him, several mentions of fire, the dark gloomy forest and the actual ceremony all represents evil. The author made this clear to the readers by having Goodman Brown point out what seemed evil throughout the story. Language and Style: The language and informal style of the story is similar to the time period in which the story was written. At that time, people spoke the way the author wrote and actual attacks took place on accused witches of the time. This can be seen with the famous Salem Witch trials in history. Theme: A theme that can be identified in the story is that of the unclear distinction between dreams and reality. The readers were presented with a blurred line between reality and dream or the supernatural. For example, it is hard to discern if the witch gathering Brown experienced in the forest actually took place or if it was a dream. Even though Brown’s life changed dramatically as a result of the forest incident, as readers, we are not clear as to if it really happened or he dreamt it. Historical Context: The author references events that took place in the Puritans’ history. The story demonstrated awareness of the social, economic and political happenings of the era it was written. For example, there are accounts of the Salem Witch trials actually taking place, and various fights between the Indians and Colonists, which the author made mention of Indians in the story.

Global trends of fast food industry

Global trends of fast food industry Now the market has started to change and people has stopped eating at home they prefer to get easy and quick food thats the reason why the fast food chain restaurant is the fastest growing industry in the world at present. Talking about McDonalds which started in the US in 1948 by two brothers, Dick and Mac McDonald, It then started to extend and at present it is stated in the top 100 business of the world (http://www.mcdonalds.co.in/history.htm) and has got somewhere around 34000 units around the world. (Http//: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mcdonalds) It came into UK in 1973 in England and was a great success and it came to India in 1996 (Bangalore). At present there are some where around ten thousand outlets worldwide .It has got 500 restaurants in UK and around 300 in India. As predication made by McDonalds they going to own around 2000 units by 2010 in the UK. (http://www.mcdonalds.co.uk/history.htm) The information acquired is from the student folder of McDonalds and the present worker s have been interview electronically and finally McDonalds official website. McDonalds came to India with a dine in restaurant in Bangalore that has special vegetarian burger named by Mac veggie. In additional to traditional Indian sandwiches, it incorporates Indian favourites such as Chicken tikka. In its list of innovative sandwiches along with burgers, the menu features appetizers like soups, fresh salads; shakes and choice of ice-cream sundaes. (Ref: http://www.mcdonalds.co.in/history.htm) Industry Global Trends The current global trends in international global environment are growth of fast food industry. The fast food industry is growing at very fast rate. People now prefer eating at fast food restaurant rather eating at home. Office going students are major market served in fast food industry. Fast food industry also give people who do not want to go out, prefer eating at home gives home delivery services to the people with schemes of reaching the delivery place within 30 minutes. More more companies are taking advantage of the opportunities waiting overseas by becoming a globally operating corporation and McDonalds is one of the top ten companies corporations of the world. Six major segments make up the fast food segment of the fast food service industry sandwich chains like McDonalds Subway are the number one segment, followed by dinner houses.. Out of all Burger chains McDonalds has the largest market share 46% followed by Burger King with 21.7 % Some people say fast food is low nutrition food due to this some chain have started nutritious food like salads pastas for the customers. The Competitive Global Environment key market drivers Taking the factor of competitive environment, in global environment competition is major factor. Global competitive environment occurs when a firm takes a global view of competition and sets about maximising profits.(keegancreen,2005). The effect of global competition has been highly beneficial to consumers .Global competition expands the range of products and increases the likelihood that consumers will get what they want. (Keegancreen, 2005). Key players for market drivers in market are burger king and subway where each market drivers has it own marketing cost. Back ground of brand role of branding in McDonalds McDonalds was started in 1948 by two brothers. First United Kingdom restaurant was opened in Woolwich, London. McDonalds came to India in 1996 in Bangalore. In 1973 1000 restaurants were opened in US, Japan, Canada England. . . In 1998 in India they introduced traditional burger called maharaja Mac, which become the propular burger in Indian market As far as role of branding is concerned the name is the biggest strength, McDonalds has been around for long time and people know the name quiet well. Taking in consideration India McDonald is having 50 % market share in fast food segment. All McDonald sites work to the CHAMPS standard. That is Cleanliness, Hospitality, Accuracy, Maintenance, Product and Speed. As a brand McDonalds has tie up with some international brand like nestle Pepsi. It also ties up with some popular TV celebrity who is working brand ambassador for them. Competitive Advantage Major competitor in fast food industry where McDonalds is facing competition is from subway. The most important competitive advantage McDonalds is having over subway is McDonald is having their own restaurants as well as delivery services in India, where as subway only do take away and eatings. The advantage of restaurant that McDonalds is having so as result McDonald is marketing to major segments of market which other fast food chains are not doing. The second advantage McDonald is having is of online booking burgers in India, which has recently introduced, people who have internet access can order what they want and will be delivered to their place with scheme of 30 minutes. As we all now that McDonald is one of the fastest growing fast food restaurants in the world which came to India with one restaurant in Bangalore in 1996 and at present it has got more than 123 outlets. Global participation and market served globally Talking about the participation of McDonald, it has got more than 12500 outlets in more than 90 countries globally. They consist of 20% or their own restaurant but the rest 80% are either are given away as franchises or are licensed (www.answers.com/topic/mcdonald-inc). The pricing of McDonald is very nominal as it has a dream of opening 20,000 outlets by year 2010 and having a McDonalds in every major city of the world. So taking that into consideration they have their price very nominal and their major target market is the middleclass people and students. They have got family packages for families and they are the only multinational in India which give the maximum discounts for parties. In India they have introduced many deals like meal for 2 just for Rs.99 { £1.29} only which includes 2 course meals. As the competitors are also trying to get these deals but there is a quantity which is very less. There are many carry out coupons which are given at the universities to the student s. At present there is a new trend that has started in India of burger parties which the students find very convenient as it costs less and you dont have to cook anything. Looking at the market of India McDonald has introduced many different burgers only for India like aloo tikki (for vegetarians) etc. As having the flavours of India in a burger, it makes a different market for McDonald because there are still loads of people in India still prefer Indian delicacies. McDonald also give a lot of charity programs like McDonald (UK) supports the Starlight Childrens Foundation, a registered charity that works to brighten the lives of seriously ill children by granting their wishes and entertaining them while they are in hospital. Wishes can range from going to Disneyland, to meeting a favourite soap star or even winning the Grand Prix! Each year the demand grows for wishes, Starlight Fun Centres (mobile entertaining trolleys), Starlight Hospital Projects, hospital parties and outings. McDonald employees have been fundraising the length and breadth of the UK for Starlight and are always looking for new and innovative ways to raise further support. www.mcdonasl.co.uk/pdf/student_information.pdf Role, impact and importance of cultural issues and ethics Cultural issues and ethics play a very important role in these parts of the world. Firstly taking India into consideration is that the biggest issue in India is that there is a ban on usage of beef in any form. So every multinational have to make sure that there product is 100% beef free and then only the government allows then to sell their product in the market. As taking into consideration that at once when India had a big demand for MacDonalds they started to offer beef burger, their market share had had one of the biggest downfall of the year as people stopped going to their restaurants till the time they built back the trust of the people, by having stating on their restaurants and websites that We are proud of the food we serve and we take very seriously the responsibility we have to our customers to deliver hot, safe, freshly prepared and tasty food every time. We do not offer any beef or pork items in India. Only the freshest chicken and fish products find their way into ou r Indian restaurants. www.mcdonaldsindia.com/ourfood/nonveg/index.html By this McDonald had an upper hand in the market as they made sure that all their products are only of chicken, fish and vegetables only. One of the other issues in India is that out of every 5 Indians 3 are vegetarians, so McDonald also offers wide range of vegetarian burgers. As talking about importance of issues there is also big issue that is halal meats for the Muslim as there is against there religion to have any other cut of meat ,so McDonalds in India and some places in united kingdom state in there menu that the meat used is halal or not. Now if we look at the importance of the cultural issues and ethics then we can say if McDonald doesnt follows the criteria they are following right now and introduce beef in India it would lead to ceiling and the market value would fall. McDonalds advertising and promotion in the U.K. and India McDonald is the part of the one of the largest chain . That is one of the most important reasons behind their advertising and promotion because they have to maintain their standard. Advertising and promotions are the marketing tools. McDonalds is famous for introducing the new burgers in the market. While introducing the new burgers in the market they always keep in touch of the todays market trend. This will also important to reduce the risk failure. Their method of doing advertising and promotions in both countries are same. They do there advertising by many ways like television, radio and print. Global advertising may be defined as messages whose art, copy, headlines, photographs, tag lines, and other elements have been developed expressly for their world wide suitability.(Keegan, Green, 2005) Advertising is classified as a hierarchy of effects model suggesting a sequence of events: advertising is used to move people from a state of unawareness to purchase. Strong model shows that advertising gain attention.(Chee H, Harris R, 1993) On their advertising in India they spent around 10 12 crores on the advertising and around twice of the U.K. on the other hand their competitors like subway they are spending around 9 10 crore and burger king is spending around 12 14 crores in Indian market. McDonalds do their advertising and promotions by several ways: they distribute McDonald pamphlets and discount coupons in front of the schools and colleges and even on the high streets. They built up their stalls on the busy roads like high street where they are doing their advertising of the new burgers or deals. In India know McDonalds used to put up their stalls in the marriages where they can attract lots of customer in ones, and they can show there quality of their food. One of the most important things of the McDonalds is its famous Ronald, its recognized as the universal symbol. One of the famous burger of the McDonalds named as double cheese burger by its name you got an indication that where is the target of the McDonalds because its jus for 99 pence. McDonald strategies in terms of quality product and service As the author said earlier that McDonalds is the one of the most important brand for fast food lovers. For been a part of fast food lovers they have to maintain their quality of the product and service. That is one of the most important reasons that where ever you go around the world you will get the same taste and quality of the food and services. The quality of food of the McDonalds is the same around the world. Even in India the chips for the burgers is same as U.K. McDonald is world wide famous for its service. They never let their costumer down. Last year McDonalds have its scheme in India if you order your burger for home delivery you will get your burger in twenty minutes otherwise if they late you will get your burger free. By this way they are showing the importance of the customer services in the market. Consideration of pricing and distribution channels in both the countries As author said that earlier in the report that McDonalds main aim to the middle class market all over the world. They have lots of competitors in the market thats why they have to be very careful about their pricing. For a good healthy business pricing is very important. Price is a major consideration for organisations. It is the one of the major element of the marketing mix that is capable of generating income, helping there by to achieve profit targets.(Chee H, Harris R, 1993) Channels of distribution are the link between producers and consumers or industrial users. Therefore a distribution channel consists of individuals and organisations that make products and services accessible to the ultimate consumer.(Chee H, Harris R, 1993) McDonalds also having a very good brand image, which is one of the most important pricing objectives. Whenever they introduce their new burgers, they have their market targets for example: cheese burger for the teenagers etc. When they do pricing in India, they always keep in mind that India is the price sensitive market. They always do cheap pricing in India because they aim to middle class people. On the other hand in U.K. it has very reasonable rates as compare to their competitors in the international market. In India you will get four vegetables burger in just 20 Rsp (around 1pound) and in the U.K. you will get veggie burger in 2.69 pound. Global marketing efforts McDonalds holds the most markets share in the burgers industry. The McDonalds industry firms are famous for introducing new products at regulars shorts terms of time, the introduction of products that keeps with todays trends is also important to reduce the risk of failure. In this competitive world McDonald is a leader which creates new products for market as keeping in mind that customer will like it. McDonald always observes the market trends which regular changes according to customer needs. It always brings new products with different deals to survive in this competitive world, with high competition from the other top firms in the industry; this will help him to keep one step ahead. The role of marketing within the McDonald is to sure that the needs of customer are met and the business makes profit. McDonald has a broad range of customers as well as their burgers are popular throughout the world. Firstly we have to understands that what exactly customer needs? After analysing th eir feedback try to put in the restaurants. Actually the marketing team plays an important role in organisation. It helps the organization to increase the sales profitability and developing new products with promotions. According to McDonald restaurants international, India is top fifth market for McDonald who growing very faster in todays world .McDonald hopes to increase their outlets in India to 170 by the ends of 2006 from the present figure of 121. McDonald introduced delivery service, something new that no other restaurant was doing. Home delivery was a success for McDonald and subway. The competition looking for new methods of increasing their customer basis. Many fast food chains decided to diversify the customer and bring new offer as well as product for those who dont like burgers (e.g. deli sandwiches, cheese breads, cheese bites, salads etc). They all try to come up with some new, bigger, better burgers at a low price. McDonald has always new marketing strategy for uplif tment in this industry. One of their main strategies that they still follow today is diversification of the products. McDonalds is always adding something new to their menu, trying to reach new markets. Another strategy they used in the past and still using .McDonald is always trying to come up with some new idea to make a burger into something slightly different. It shows different enough that the customer will think its a new products launched. As you now McDonalds as a global marketing topic in India and u.k, so I will do swot analysis on McDonald Company. Firstly we taken the strength of company name recognition is obvious is big strength for them because they serving to consumer from a long time. Most of their competitors dont have free home delivery only restaurants which help a lot to increase in the regular sale. They provide very nutritional and well- balanced meals to customer. McDonalds does have restaurants to run is also a weakness which is higher overhead costs, due to the restaurants that other competitor doesnt have it so result of higher overhead cost must be charge its is not low cost producer. This is another weakness for McDonalds they have lost their lot of customer due to competition with competitors. McDonalds opportunities are a lot, they can increase there revenue through introduced new burgers and increase brand loyalty. .McDonald have threats from competitors well, right now there is one closest com petitor is subway. Subway having more competitive price than McDonald. It is generally lower than McDonald. Subway was very profitable when they promote their deal of delivery a sandwich within 5minutes and that to the costumer can see and tell the fillings of their meal. CONCLUSION At last I will conclude that McDonald has a successful history in the past of introducing different type of new burgers product to increase sales and reach new customer. McDonald is always searching for new market and follows new trends in the markets. To introduce new products at regular interval of time makes the leader of fast food industry in todays world. The level of success that achieved to McDonald due to introduced double cheese burger as well as promotion of product in the market. The more expensive advertising campaign than in past campaign but the potential for a successful product will cover the cost and bring in substantial profit. The advertising of the product is very important but the promotion of this product along side for market. The promotion may be had to be bigger and better than the competition or the product may need to be altered to give it that little bit of edge over the competitions. Recommendation I would personally recommend to McDonald Company to open more outlets in India especially express outlets which help a lot to increase the share in the markets. As you now express highways is growing faster in India which help a lot to company get more customers easily as well as customers to get better and good quality of food for (e.g. If I am going for long journey suddenly I feel hungry on the highway I get McDonald I think its great idea for launching new products and giving new deals in India. As some of rural area people would like to have some fast food.) Appendices TIME PLAN AND MINUTES OF MEETING October November December January Research work Proposal Report writing Presentation and submission Meetings   2nd 15:30 to 1600hrs 17th 8:00 to 9:00 hrs   6th 11:00 to 13:00hrs 15th 12:25 to 14:30hrs 27th 16:30 to 17:45hrs   4th 12:00 to 15:00hrs 17th 12:00 to 14:00hrs 26th 11:00 to 14:00hrs 16th 12:00 to 15:00hrs 17th 17:00 to 22:00hrs 23rd 12:00 to 18:00hrs 24th 13:00 to 20:00hrs